William Black
At the fall 1854 meeting of Indiana Presbytery, the Cumberland Presbyterian minister Thomas B. McCormick proclaimed he was “connected with the underground railroad” and did “not care who knows it.” He had helped more than thirty enslaved people escape from Kentucky, several of whom had been the property of another Cumberland Presbyterian minister.
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Minutes of Indiana Presbytery (Cumberland Presbyterian) |
As its mouthful of a name indicates, the Historical Foundation is the archive for two denominations. one of which (the CPC) split off from the Presbyterians in 1810 and the other of which (the CPCA) is a historically black church that formed in 1874. The archive is located at the CPC’s denominational headquarters in Cordova, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis. And it’s where I learned whose slaves McCormick had supposedly helped escape to freedom—a clue which led me to further discoveries.
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The reading room |
The Historical Foundation does not have a huge budget. It has no catalogue system, though it did recently acquire one of those nice digital microfilm readers. It only has two employees and only one works full-time—the foundation’s director Susan Knight Gore, who often has to trek around the country hunting down forgotten cemeteries in the woods and sifting through church storage closets and deceased ministers’ papers. (She is also, I should note, my wife’s aunt.) So if you’re interested in visiting the archive it’s a good idea to contact Susan ahead of time.
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My "office." I definitely did not stand on a chair to take this picture. |
But this legal problem has given the Historical Foundation a healthy instinct to acquire copies of whatever it can get its hands on, and not just newspapers and minutes. When I told Susan about McCormick’s travails, she located his vertical file and found a photocopy of a pamphlet that he and two other abolitionist ministers had published in 1855. When I found that the Indiana Historical Society had another McCormick pamphlet, she promptly requested a copy.
I’m specifically writing my dissertation on the Cumberland Presbyterians, but the archive’s holdings would be of interest to many historians interested in American evangelicalism. The CPC was, after all, arguably the largest evangelical denomination not to split along sectional lines during the Civil War era. And the 1906 union of the Cumberland and Northern Presbyterian churches is an understudied episode in the story of sectional reconciliation.
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The kids' table. Note: Those are stuffed toys sitting in the chairs, not actual children. |
The reading room sits eight researchers comfortably, four if everyone’s spread out, and there’s a little kids’ table with Lincoln logs. You’re encouraged to take your own photos and there’s no fee for doing so. Within walking distance are two motels, a Waffle House, a donut shop, and a pizza place; you’re also just a minute’s drive from I-40 and can easily hop on and go into the city.
Susan and I dug up some information on two of the slaveholders whom Thomas McCormick allegedly helped “steal negroes” from. Joel Lambert was a Cumberland Presbyterian minister who owned more than 20 slaves; Alexander B. Barret was a wealthy tobacco merchant and owned more than 100. Both men lived in Henderson, Kentucky—indeed, according to the 1850 census and slave schedules, they lived right next to each other. Susan pulled out an old history of Henderson and found they were in business together, having become co-incorporators of the Henderson & Paducah Railroad in March 1854.
Another incorporator of the railroad was Lazarus W. Powell, the governor of Kentucky who called for McCormick’s extradition.
The name Lambert sounded familiar. I remembered a story I had come across in the Louisville Daily Courier: that in July 1854, an enslaved man “belonging to the Rev. Joel Lambert” had been “sun-struck . . . and fell dead in the field where he was mowing.” The article had piqued my interest, but I hadn’t been sure what do with it.
Now I wondered. I hunted around and found another article in an abolitionist paper. According to the Lisbon (Ohio) Anti-Slavery Bugle, the verdict of death for the slave was not only “over heating” but also “imprudent whipping.” Joel Lambert had given the slave “more than a hundred lashes.”
This was just a few months before McCormick made his proclamation at the meeting of Indiana Presbytery. Was this murder the last straw for some of the enslaved people belonging to Lambert and his next-door neighbor? Is it what provoked McCormick to throw caution to the wind? I can’t know for sure. But I couldn’t have put these pieces together without the presbytery minutes.
“How fascinating,” said Susan. “Now be sure and email that to me so I can put it in Lambert’s file.”
William Black is a PhD Candidate at Rice University working on a dissertation titled "No Northern or Southern Religion: Cumberland Presbyterians and the Christian Nation, 1800–1912." He's on Twitter @williamrblack.
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