Religious Internationalism at the Conference on Faith and History

Lauren Turek

To follow on Andrea L. Turpin's helpful recent post about Women & Gender presentations at the upcoming Conference on Faith and History, I would like to highlight presentations that will have some bearing on religion and international relations, broadly conceived. This includes panels or papers that touch on U.S. foreign policy, diplomacy, religious internationalism, foreign missionary work, war and society, and the like.

The Conference on Faith and History will hold its 31st biennial meeting on October 4-6, 2018 in Grand Rapids, MI. The theme of the conference is “History and the Search for Meaning,” and the full conference schedule is available here.

Panels and papers of particular interest to scholars of religion and internationalism include the following:

Thursday, October 4

Session 2: War, the Environment and the Fallout of Violence
Chair: William Katerberg, Calvin College

Papers:

• “Environmental Impact of the Civil War in Syria," Kincaid Wurl, Southern Adventist University
• “The National Park Service and the Story of the Buffalo National River: A Social Case Study of Environmentalism,” Coplea Donley, John Brown University
• “The Inhibitions of War and Violence on Sustainable Development,” Karyn Ashley Spirek, Huntington University
• “Khmer Rouge: A Traumatized Kingdom,” Jamie Conrad, Huntington University

Session 3: Making Peace and Ending Wars
Chair: Douglas Howard, Calvin College

Papers:

• “Pol Pot’s Cambodia and Social Mechanism Used for Genocide,” Ellie Lawson, Huntington University
• “The Iraqi High Tribunal’s Disruption of Nuremberg Legacy of Post-Conflict Justice,” Adele Duval, Eastern Nazarene College
• “Peace for Cambodia?” Alexandra Seleyman, Huntington University

Session 8: Rebuilding in Europe from Rome to the Cold War

Papers:

• “Controlling Their Emotions: How the Political Establishment Felt About Churchill,”Holly Holton, Huntington University
• “The Practicality of Morality in International Politics: Vaclav Havel and the Larger World,” Paige Hungar, Covenant College
• “Vaclav Havel: Building Democracy in a Post-Communist World,” Madison Morin, Eastern Nazarene College
• “For the Good of Res Publica: Civic Virtue in the Roman Republic,” David Engstrom, Trinity International University

Session 10: Building and Rebuilding through Development, Human Rights, and Diplomacy
Chair: Kelli McCoy, Point Loma Nazarene University

Papers:

• “Rethinking Models of International Development,” Malachi Wise, Huntington University
• “The Failure of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Japan,” Alana Bates, Huntington University
• “A Communist Economic Miracle?” Alec Boyd-Devine, Huntington University
• “Effectiveness of HUMINT in the Middle East,” Jordan Hayley, Liberty University

Session 14: American Foreign Policy and the Cold War
Chair: William Katerberg, Calvin College

Papers:

• "Neither Saints nor Simpletons: Harry Truman, Anti-Catholicism, and the Nomination of a Vatican Ambassador," Christopher Estep, Eastern Nazarene College
• “FDR, Churchill, and the Future of Postwar Indochina, 1940-1943,” Taylor Holliday, Huntington University
• “Before Vietnam: Understanding the Initial Stages of US Involvement in Southeast Asia,” Jacob Mach, Bowling Green State University & Cedarville University
• “India’s Complications with the Cold War,” Sarah Nelson, Point Loma Nazarene University

Session 15: History, War and Politics in England
Chair: Lisa Clark Diller, Southern Adventist University

Papers:

• “The Steel Wall of England: The Curious Case of the English Knight during the Hundred Years’ War,” Mitchell Gehman, Liberty University
• “Churchill’s Reign of Regrets: A Study of Wartime Leadership,” Claire Harvey, Huntington University
• “The Politics of Terror: The British Cabinet and the Strategic Bombing Campaign of 1918,” Perry Colvin, Auburn University

Friday, October 5

Session 13: Christian Mission in the Non-Western World
Chair: Joel Carpenter, Calvin College

Papers:

• "E.H. Broadbent and Brethren Missions to Russian Turkestan, 1900 and 1908," William Wood, Point Loma Nazarene University
• “Faith and Friendship: The ‘affective cosmopolitanism’ of Charles Freer Andrews (1871-1940),” Bernardo Michael, Messiah College
• “Harriet Newell’s Conversion to Usefulness: Understanding the Memoir that Contextualized American Women in Mission,” Hannah Nation, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary

Comment: Joel Carpenter, Calvin College

Session 14: Missionary Anxieties: Doubt, Empire, and Commerce in Nineteenth-Century British Missions
Chair: Jason Bruner, Arizona State University

Papers:

• “‘Extending a Superior Light Farther than the Roman Eagles Ever Flew’: The Clapham Sect’s Influence in India," Ryan Butler, Baylor University
• “‘Why Doest Thou Thus?’ Suffering, Failure, and Providence in Nineteenth-Century British Missionary Documents,” Kelly Elliott, Abilene Christian University
• “Python Buys Sheep’s Farm: Using Non-British Sources on West African Christianity, 1850-1900,” Paul Grant, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

Comment: Jason Bruner, Arizona State University

Saturday, October 6

Session 34: “And He Must Win the Battle”: God and Nation in Twentieth Century England, Germany and the United States
Chair: Erik Benson, Cornerstone University

• “The Power of a Hymn: Choral Singing Defining National Identity,” Ruth Dewhurst, Georgia State University
• “Theodore Roosevelt’s Religious Support for World War I,” Benjamin Wetzel, Taylor University
• “'Massive Retaliation’: Power and Morality in John Foster Dulles’ World,” John Wilsey, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

Comment: Erik Benson, Cornerstone University


Session 38: Roundtable on Dale Van Kley's Reform Catholicism and the International Suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe
Chair: Katherine van Liere, Calvin College

Participants:
Jeffrey D. Burson, Georgia Southern University
Andrea Smidt, Geneva College
Daniel Watkins, Baylor University
Comment: Dale Van Kley, Ohio State University Emeritus

Session 44: Christianity and Secularism in the Twentieth-Century United States
Paper:  "Catholic Conscience Language in the Secular Human Rights Revolution, 1970-1985"
Peter Cajka, University of Notre Dame

Session 50: Roundtable: New Perspectives on Religion in American Internationalism
Chair: Gale Kenny, Barnard College

Participants:
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University
Mark Edwards, Spring Arbor University
Lauren Turek, Trinity University
Daniel Hummel, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Comment: Audience


Looking forward to seeing those of you who be attending the conference next week!

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Finds from the Far East Broadcasting Company Digital Archives: Missionary Radio and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Map showing potential ranges of Soviet MRBM and IRMB
missiles from Cuba. Source: JFK Library

For thirteen days in October 1962, the world stood on the precipice of disaster as the United States and the Soviet Union faced off over the placement of Soviet missiles on the island of Cuba. The construction of nuclear missile sites just 90-miles off of the coast of the United States posed an existential national security threat and brought the Cold War superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. After days of tense discussions with his advisors about how to handle the unfolding crisis, President John F. Kennedy announced to the world that he would impose a naval “quarantine” to keep Soviet ships from delivering weapons to Cuba and demanded that Soviet Premier Khrushchev remove the missile sites from the island. The October 22 speech was broadcast to televisions and radios across the United States, but it also reached radios in Cuba—thanks in part to missionary radio station networks such as the Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC). Documents and images from the FEBC International digital archive provide some fascinating insight into this important moment in the crisis.


President Kennedy requested ten radio stations with the range to reach Cuba, including FEBC shortwave station KGEI in San Carlos, California, to broadcast hours of Voice of America (VOA) programming throughout the crisis as well as his October 22 speech. This speech included a direct message to the Cuban people:

Finally, I want to say a few words to the captive people of Cuba, to whom this speech is being directly carried by special radio facilities. I speak to you as a friend, as one who knows of your deep attachment to your fatherland, as one who shares your aspirations for liberty and justice for all. And I have watched and the American people have watched with deep sorrow how your nationalist revolution was betrayed-- and how your fatherland fell under foreign domination. Now your leaders are no longer Cuban leaders inspired by Cuban ideals. They are puppets and agents of an international conspiracy which has turned Cuba against your friends and neighbors in the Americas--and turned it into the first Latin American country to become a target for nuclear war--the first Latin American country to have these weapons on its soil.

These new weapons are not in your interest. They contribute nothing to your peace and well-being. They can only undermine it. But this country has no wish to cause you to suffer or to impose any system upon you. We know that your lives and land are being used as pawns by those who deny your freedom.

Many times in the past, the Cuban people have risen to throw out tyrants who destroyed their liberty. And I have no doubt that most Cubans today look forward to the time when they will be truly free--free from foreign domination, free to choose their own leaders, free to select their own system, free to own their own land, free to speak and write and worship without fear or degradation. And then shall Cuba be welcomed back to the society of free nations and to the associations of this hemisphere. [1]

The speech reflected the anti-communist stance of the Kennedy administration. Drawing links between democratic governance, liberal capitalism, and support for religious freedom, American leaders such as Kennedy sought to highlight the differences between the United States and the atheistic, communist Soviet Union and its client states. In an atmosphere of Cold War competition—which included the arms race as well as the ideological battle for "hearts and minds" in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East—such rhetoric took on considerable importance.

The missile crisis ended on October 28, when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba. In early December 1962, Kennedy invited the station owners who had broadcast the speech and VOA programs to the White House to receive a special commendation for their patriotism and contributions to national security. Robert Bowman, the president of the Far East Broadcasting Company was one of the ten station owners who received this commendation.

Robert H. Bowman, president and co-founder of the FEBC, receives a handshake and award from U.S. President John F. Kennedy, on behalf of KGEI, at a ceremony following the successful blockade of ships during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Image used with permission from the FEBC Archives.

Associated Press article in a Danville (Virginia) newspaper on the award ceremony in which President Kennedy honored KGEI and nine other broadcasters for their communication service during the Cuban Crisis of September-October of 1962. Photos and the award can be viewed in images #200, 201, 205. Venue: White House, Washington, D.C. Newspaper: The Register: Danville,VA., December 5, 1962. Image used with permission from the FEBC Archives.

The certificate that President John F. Kennedy presented to FEBC President Robert H. Bowman in a special ceremony at the White House. Image used with permission from the FEBC Archives.

Aside from highlighting an interesting moment in the history of the roles that evangelical Christian organizations have played in U.S. foreign relations, the story also reveals the tremendous growth that American missionary radio stations had experienced by the 1960s. FEBC had begun broadcasting Christian programming from the Philippines in 1948, using a small 1000-watt transmitter with a limited range. Eager to share the Gospel with the millions of unreached people throughout the world, the FEBC and other similar missionary radio stations expanded their operations considerably throughout the decades that followed. By the 1960s, FEBC was broadcasting evangelistic programming in dozens of languages and dialects on transmitters that could reach radios across Latin America, Asia, and the Soviet Union. The story of this expansion is one that blends the histories of missionary work with the histories of technology, globalization, informal empire, and international relations during the Cold War.

Since these stories make up part of my book manuscript, I was delighted to come across the digital archive that the FEBC maintains. The archive includes a fascinating array of photographs, documents, and radio programs that have been digitized. According to the site, “The Archive consists of digital representations of audio, scanned photographs, documents, objects, and copies of digital images which represent the life of FEBC, including images of events influencing its founding in 1946 to the present. This archive was originally compiled and designed by Jim Bowman of International Christian Radio Associates after his retirement from FEBC. Not only is Jim the son of Robert Bowman, co-founder of Far East Broadcasting Company, he held a number of positions within FEBC including president of FEBC USA. The initial focus of the archive by Jim Bowman was collecting documentation from the first twenty years of FEBC's development, 1946 to about 1965." It is keyword searchable but also fascinating to browse. For historians of religion interested in the history of missionary radio, this is a really exciting resource.


[1] John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy; Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 1961-1963 (Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1962), 486. For the text of the full speech, follow this link.

Note: since some of the material in the archive is sensitive, I strongly encourage anyone interested in using the materials for publication to contact the FEBC for permissions.

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"Exploring the Global History of American Evangelicalism": A Special Issue of the Journal of American Studies

Lauren Turek

The Journal of American Studies recently ran a special issue entitled "Exploring the Global History of American Evangelicalism." According to organizers Kendrick Oliver, Uta A. Balbier, Hans Krabbendam, and Axel R. Schäfer, the collected articles aim to "explore the changes over time in American evangelical conceptions of the 'global," "document the diversity of means used by American evangelicals in their efforts to make the world one in Christ," examine "the role played by the politics of affection in relations between American evangelicals and the outside world," and "identif[y] the overseas work of US evangelicals as making an integral contribution to the expansion and perpetuation of their nation’s influence as exercised across a global horizon through the long twentieth century" (1038-41). With essays by Heather Curtis, Axel R. Schäfer, Hans Krabbendam, David R. Swartz, Timothy Stoneman, Uta A. Balbier, Melani McAlister, Kendrick Oliver, and John Maiden, the issue does not disappoint. These articles will be of great value for those interested in the history of American evangelical internationalism. 

The special issue features the following articles:

• Heather D. Curtis, "Popular Media and the Global Expansion of American Evangelicalism in an Imperial Age," pp. 1043-1067.
  
• Axel R. Schäfer, "Evangelical Global Engagement and the American State after World War II," pp. 1069-1094
  
• Hans Krabbendam, "Full Members of the TEAM? Evangelical Women in the European Mission, 1945–1980," pp. 1095-1116.
  
• David R. Swartz, "Christ of the American Road: E. Stanley Jones, India, and Civil Rights," pp. 1117-1138.
  
• Timothy Stoneman, "Global Radio Broadcasting and the Dynamics of American Evangelicalism," pp. 1139-1170.
  
• Uta A. Balbier, "The World Congress on Evangelism 1966 in Berlin: US Evangelicalism, Cultural Dominance, and Global Challenges," pp. 1171-1196.
  
• Melani McAlister, "The Global Conscience of American Evangelicalism: Internationalism and Social Concern in the 1970s and Beyond," pp. 1197-1220.
  
• Kendrick Oliver, "The Origin and Development of Prison Fellowship International: Pluralism, Ecumenism and American Leadership in the Evangelical World 1974–2006," pp. 1221-1242.
  
• John Maiden, "Renewing the Body of Christ: Sharing of Ministries Abroad (SOMA) USA and Transnational Charismatic Anglicanism, 1978–1998," pp. 1243-1266.
  
  

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CFP: U.S. Catholic Historian theme issue on War and Peace

Lauren Turek

The U.S. Catholic Historian recently shared this call for papers for a future issue on the theme of "War and Peace." Here is the announcement with all of the details for proposing a contribution:


"For thirty-five years the U.S. Catholic Historian has published theme-based issues relevant to the history of American Catholicism.  An upcoming issue will address the theme of war and peace. Contributions could include, but are not limited to, studies of the following:

• Catholic involvement in conflicts as officers, soldiers, nurses, and chaplains.
• U.S. efforts at humanitarian aid during war: War Relief Services/Catholic Relief Services, etc.
•  The approach of the U.S. Catholic hierarchy or certain bishop(s) to particular conflicts.
• Catholic responses to documents including Pacem in Terris (1963), The Challenge of Peace (1983), etc.
•  Catholic peace movements and activism such as the Catholic Peace Fellowship, Catholic Worker, etc.
• Catholic conscientious objectors
• Catholic press/magazines/newspapers and war
• Theologians, philosophers, and intellectuals on war and peace
• Catholics on the home front during war

Scholars considering a submission are asked to contact the editor, Fr. David Endres at DEndres@Athenaeum.edu before preparing a contribution. Approximate length is 7,000-10,000 words. We ask for submissions by August 1, 2018 and look forward to hearing from potential contributors."

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Know Your Archives 2: Archives II (NARA-College Park)

Cara Burnidge

For the past month, I've been thinking about American religion in the world. Following RAAC 2017, I drove to College Park, Maryland for three weeks of research at the National Archives at College Park (or, Archives II).  Every other year, the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations meets in D.C. and many members (myself included) use these D.C. years to do research. Two birds, one travel expense stone. Building off of Lauren's fantastic review of this year's SHAFR meeting and Mike's Know Your Archives: NARA edition, I'd like to give everyone a few more tips for researching at Archives II in College Park (where State Department records are held) and share some very important news for any colleagues working on the World War I era. 

First, who should consider researching at A2 or writing about religion in US  foreign relations? Anyone who's research interests intersect with the US government's actions abroad. As I wrote in Religious Influences in American Foreign Policy for ORE, "Any civilian who served as an informant, as a formal or informal diplomat, or who aided in creating policy decisions will intersect with NARA. Any federal employee who appealed to a religious figure, group, or event to aid in the implementation of foreign relations will also intersect with NARA." So...lots of us.

Next, how can you make the most of a trip to A2?



1.) Write to the archivists before your visit. Mike gave this tip, it's listed on the NARA "Plan Your Research Visit" page, and on this helpful Archival Survival Guide , but I'm reiterating it here anyway. Why? A.) Archivists are your best friend. The records related to U.S. foreign relations are complicated. The arrangement and documentation styles within the archives have changed over the years--leading scholars to cite the same records in different ways, assuming they are cited correctly in the first place--so you will need the expertise of archivists to locate the stuff you're interested, especially if you've never been there before. It's in your best interest to keep a running list of the citations that inspired your work and bring that with you. (I recommend you do so electronically, but more on that later). Basically, record organization and the retrieval process are not intuitive, so don't try to be a hero and go it alone. You'll still find plenty of material on your own, but the archivists will be able to navigate you to better sources. Trust them. Lean on them.

Why else should you write the archivists in advance? B.) Because I didn't do it and you should learn from my mistake. To explain: two years ago (the last time when SHAFR was in D.C.), I did write in advance, but on that trip I wasn't able to make it through my entire checklist. So, I didn't write in advance this time around. I planned on finishing the list I had already created. I was wrong to do that. That was a terrible idea. And here's the important news for fellow early 20th century historians:

For the anniversary of World War I, NARA digitized the American Commission to Negotiate Peace Records (RG 256)! The ACNP represented the U.S. at the Paris Peace Conference. All of their documents, 277 linear feet--which two years ago were available via microfilm [M820]--are now available to download as pdfs. Game. changer.

Did this make my trip useless? Not in the slightest. It meant that I could refocus my attention on entirely different records because I can go through M820 from the comfort of home.

2.) Bring a quarter. You are restricted in what you can bring into the research rooms. A2 has lockers available to use, but they require a quarter.  If you're a millennial ruining the world like me, then you might not be carrying any cash. A heads up my help.

3.) Stay hydrated. You obvi aren't allowed to take food and drink into the research rooms, so remember to get up and out of the room and hydrate. I got in a serious [nerdy] zone on several days and just didn't eat lunch or drink water. There is a I ended up hitting rush hour traffic hangry and dehydrated. Not a good look.

8.) It's a marathon, not a sprint [even if you're there only for a short time]. It's in your best interest to spend the whole day there, because there are scheduled pull times (M-F 10AM, 11AM, 1 PM, 2PM, & 3PM; no pulls on Saturday). After a couple of days, I worked out a much better system that didn't leave me hangry. I would start out the day early, bringing my phone, headphones, and researcher card with me to the research rooms. When my battery got low, I would head back down to the basement locker rooms (through the stairs not the elevators to stretch my legs), eat a snack and hydrate, then head back up with my portable charger in tow. It might take a day or two to figure out how it can work for you.

5.) Transportation & Accommodation. For the second time, I stayed at an AirB&B about a mile from A2. But whether you are nearby or not, there are plenty of public transit options to get you there and low cost places to stay. Which leads to another hot tip:

6.) If you can, don't go during the summer. Summers seem to be perfect because many of us are not teaching or have more limited teaching assignments, but that's precisely why another time is better. A2 can be more crowded during the summer, especially the week before and after SHAFR. Tour groups, summer camps, etc. can cause the staff to be stretched a little thin and less likely to give you as much time and attention as they could at other times during the year (see #1).

7.) Digitize your work flow. Like most research facilities, you are limited in what you can bring into the research rooms. Whenever you leave the research area, security will check your belongings. Any loose papers need to get a stamp of approval for you to carry in and out of the research area. I preferred to avoid that hassle, so I scanned any loose notes I needed and used a Google sheet with my running "look list". Free wifi makes Google Drive, Dropbox, and other online platforms easy to use. If this isn't your thing, though, that's okay too. There are plenty of people who bring flat bed scanners, their laptops, and various chargers with them into the rooms. There are carts available for you to use if that's the case. Whatever your flow looks like, don't be surprised if you're spending your time scanning and taking pictures for hours. Most people I talked to at SHAFR reported as much.

While you're getting beyond the loose paper, don't forget that there are more than just textual records to look at. There are maps, photos, films, and various audio recordings. Just when you think you've looked all you can look at, there will be more to possibly look at. But that's the joy and the frustration of researching at A2. FWIW, I think it helps to have a clear sense of your project and defined search priorities before arriving. It helps me, at least, from feeling too overwhelmed with all the possibilities to explore.

8) Finally, keep in mind that you might be able to do research from home. (See #1) If you're doing military research (Free research for Revolutionary Era records through July 15th!) or interested in any topic on this list of digitized microfilm, then you are in luck. If you don't find anything there, then you can browse by topic here or search the Foreign Relations of the United States here.

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Reflections on SHAFR @ 50 Annual Meeting

Lauren Turek

This past weekend, the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations celebrated its fiftieth anniversary (as well as the fortieth anniversary of the journal Diplomatic History) at its annual meeting in Arlington, VA. Just as I reported last year, the conference included a number of panels and roundtable discussions on the topic of religion in American history and foreign relations. There were, in fact, so many good panels on religion that I could not even attend all of them owing to my unfortunate inability to be in multiple places at once! As such, in addition to providing my own overview of the exciting work that scholars showcased at the SHAFR meeting this year, I have included some reflections from other attendees as well.

Most of the panels that I attended reflected in some way on missionaries and missionary work, though the listing of panels that I have included at the end of this post does make clear that there were many panels at the conference that examined religion and foreign relations beyond missionary work (and that there were papers on a diverse array of faith traditions, including Judaism and Islam).


The first religion-themed panel that I attended was a roundtable discussion about David Hollinger's forthcoming book Protestants Abroad: How Missionaries Tried to Change the World but Changed America, which is due out in October. Daniel Immerwahr organized the roundtable, with Hollinger offering an overview of the project, Melani McAlister, Madeline Hsu, and Andrew Preston providing commentary on the book, and David Engerman moderating. Hollinger outlined his argument that the mainline Protestant missionary project played a key role in "deprovincializing" America, fostering multiculturalism in American life and ecumenicism in American churches in the years between 1890 and the Vietnam war. He suggested that missionaries, the children of missionaries, and the organizations that supported missionary endeavors created what he termed "missionary cosmopolitanism," which contributed to a nascent embrace of other cultures and a strong critique of colonialism—a critique which spurred debates about the missionary project itself and a turn toward more humanitarian aid. Hollinger also revealed how the missionary project, and the cosmopolitanism it inspired among the groups he examined, led these missionaries to engage in debates over the role of the United States in the world in this period. He argued that the alliances some of these Protestants developed with colonized peoples through their missionary work pushed them to embrace an idealism about the potential for U.S. foreign policy to act as a force of morality in international relations, advancing humanitarian and anti-colonialist goals. Hollinger shared a number of wonderful, engaging anecdotes about missionaries such as Kenneth Landon, who ended up briefing Franklin D. Roosevelt and working for the OSS during World War II because he was one of the only experts on Thailand the State Department could find, and about the role some missionaries played in enforcing humane interrogations of POWs in the Pacific theater. Yet, as he concluded, the Vietnam war "shattered their idealism" about the "morality of American policy."


Melani McAlister (and indeed all of the panelists) praised Hollinger's book, and dove into a deeper discussion of the critique these particular Protestants leveled against the missionary project. She noted that Hollinger's argument about how the de-emphasis of proselytism and focus on humanitarian aid in the post-World War I era provided the "fuel" in the split between modernists and fundamentalists not only placed this split in a global context, but that it also contributed to decline in the mainline churches. Madeline Hsu discussed the power dynamics that existed between missionaries and those peoples that they evangelized, particularly in China, which Hollinger explores in the book. Andrew Preston closed out the commentary by describing how the Protestants Hollinger discusses challenged and complicated the typical image of "missionaries as the tip of the imperial spear," due to the critiques of imperialism they leveled. Preston also highlighted Hollinger's emphasis on the relationship between ecumenicism and internationalism. In his response, Hollinger picked up on the thread that McAlister and Preston raised about the significance of the ecumenical movement, arguing that even though he believes that much of the historiography on American Protestantism has sought to "diminish the gap between evangelicals or fundamentalists and ecumenicals," the divide grew extreme in the period he covers in his book and that divide emerged because of the missionary project itself. All in all, a very exciting glimpse at what promises to be a defining book.

Later, I attended a panel entitled "Faith and Foreign Affairs: Religion, Non-State Actors, and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Early Twentieth Century," which featured three exciting papers. Kelly Shannon shared research from a brand new project on U.S. relations with Iran in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The project is to be about a range of non-state actors, not just religious actors, but for this panel she gave a fascinating paper that explored the crucial role American Presbyterian missionaries played in developing official diplomatic relations between the two states. She also shared the wonderful story of Howard Baskerville, a Presbyterian missionary who resigned his post to join in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1909, as part of a larger exploration of how missionaries shaped perceptions that the American public developed about Iranians and that Iranians developed about Americans. Jonathan Chilcote gave a paper on the efforts that American missionaries in Bombay engaged in to spur contributions to help those suffering from the Spanish influenza in India in 1918-1920. In this compelling piece, Chilcote suggested that these missionaries "saw the flu as an opportunity to remake India in America's image." Denise Jenison rounded out the panel with a presentation of research from her dissertation, giving a paper on Arab-American efforts to influence official U.S. policy towards Palestine in the aftermath of World War II. Her excellent paper delved into the creation of the Institute of Arab-American Affairs, which sought to win support for Palestine by convincing American Christians of the link between Christian missionary work and Arab nationalism, as well as by stressing the close relationship that Palestinian Christians and Muslims shared.

I was also really excited for the "Foreign Religions and Foreign Relations: U.S. Engagements with the World in the Nineteenth Century" panel, in part because SHAFR does not feature nearly enough panels on pre-twentieth century foreign relations. The three papers on this panel, which Tisa Wenger chaired, were exceptional. Kathryn Gin Lum started out with a paper on mapping and geographic imaginings of the "heathen world" as lands that were "wild and overgrown because of the sin/heathenism of their inhabitants." She linked this tendency to view the regions of the world populated by non-Christians as undifferentiated and wild to the development and propagation of racist ideologies, including scientific racism, and to the belief that Westerners should intervene in these regions in particular ways. Emily Conroy-Krutz also examined maps in her fascinating paper on what she termed "missionary intelligence," or the information that missionaries shared about the countries they evangelized. She noted that the maps and information that missionaries discussed at monthly prayer concerts "contributed to the creation of a mental map of the world" for nineteenth century Americans, acting as a "source of knowledge production" about the wider world. Kate Moran turned her focus to late nineteenth century Protestant travelogues to examined the changing depictions of the Pope and Catholic authority in Rome during a period of bewildering social change in the United States and upheaval in Italy. She compared the positive descriptions of Pope Pius IX to the negative depictions of earlier Popes and the virulent anti-Catholicism of antebellum travelogues, making a riveting argument that in recasting their views of the pope in light of the Risorgimento, "Catholic power became a way [for Protestants] to understand their own concerns about social order in [their] present." This panel spurred excellent discussion of the role of religion in society and of the interrelationship of race and religion.

Dan Hummel also attended SHAFR (he presented on a fantastic new open source online U.S. foreign relations primary source reader, Voices & Visions, that he helped develop), and sent in the following report on one of the panels he attended, "American Zionism and U.S.-Israel Relations from the 1950s to the 1990s.":

"This excellent panel explored numerous facets of the U.S. relationship to Israel and the development of Jewish Zionism. Salim Yaqub aptly summarized that the panelists overlapped precisely in their study of the changing relationship between American Jews and Israel. Doug Rossinow traced the origins of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC, originally American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs) to a crisis in Israel’s public image after the IDF’s massacre of civilians in the village of Qibya in October 1953. He examined how AIPAC’s founder, I.L. Kenan, sought to unite American Zionists and Jewish non-Zionists. Rossinow concluded that the staunch support of the Israel lobby since 1953 is unsurprising given its origins in defending Israel’s largely indefensible actions at Qibya. Sara Hirschorn spoke about American Jews who have become leaders in the settlement movement in the West Bank. As her recently-published book, City on a Hilltop (Harvard Press, 2017), expounds upon, American Jews make up a large and ideologically potent segment of the current settler movement and hold more diverse religious, political, and economic motivations than we normally assume. Seth Anziska recounted the history of the opening of dialogue between the U.S. and the PLO in December 1988 and emphasized the role of American Jewish actors breaking with organized American Jewish attitudes toward the PLO. While the Reagan administration opened dialogue with the PLO, its intent was not necessarily to pave the way for independent Palestinia statehood. The differing agendas of American Jews, Israelis, the U.S. government, and the PLO poin to the ways that the U.S. government and PLO were pursuing incommensurate policy goals, even as they began to talk to one another."

Clearly, the religious turn in U.S. foreign relations history over the past decade has led to a proliferation of exciting work in this area. SHAFR is an incredibly welcoming place for scholars of religion (scholars of a wide variety of historical subfields, actually, as U.S. foreign relations history intersects with many aspects of domestic and international history as well as a number of methodological approaches) and the presentations are always of the highest quality. I am very much looking forward to next year's annual meeting, which will be held in Philadelphia in June 2018. Happy 50th Anniversary to SHAFR and here is to the next 50!

Below, I have listed all of the panels and individual papers that reflected in some way on religion and American diplomatic history, broadly defined. A link to the full program is available here.


Panel 12: Roundtable: Wilson and World War I: New Perspectives

Paper of Particular Interest:
Beyond Belief: Religion in Woodrow Wilson's Internationalism

Cara Burnidge, University of Northern Iowa



Panel 18: Christian Mission, U.S. Power, and Domestic and Foreign Publics from
the Early Republic to the Cold War

Chair:
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University

Papers:
Protestant Mission, American Empire, and the Uses of History in Hawaii and the
Philippines, 1880-1920
Tom Smith, University of Cambridge

Foreign Missionaries and the “Spirit of Benevolence” in the Early Republic
Ashley Moreshead, University of Central Florida

Contending Christianities: U.S. Catholic and Protestant Missions in Central America
and Political Advocacy at Home during Henry Luce’s American Century, 1941-1960
Charles T. Strauss, Mount St. Mary’s University

Comment:
Emily Conroy-Krutz



Panel 37: Black Internationalism and Black Freedom Struggles

Paper of particular interest:
Bishop Ralph Dodge: Africa’s Unwanted Missionary
Luke Shief, University of Missouri



Panel 40: Roundtable: David Hollinger’s Protestants Abroad

Panelists:
Daniel Immerwahr, Northwestern University
Melani McAlister, George Washington University
Madeline Hsu, University of Texas, Austin
Andrew Preston, Clare College, University of Cambridge
David Engerman, Brandeis University
David Hollinger, University of California, Berkeley



Panel 52: Faith and Foreign Affairs: Religion, Non-State Actors, and U.S. Foreign
Relations in the Early Twentieth Century

Chair:
Cara Burnidge, University of Northern Iowa

Papers:
“I am Persia’s”: Howard Baskerville, American Presbyterian Missionaries, and U.S.-
Iranian Relations during the First Iranian Revolution
Kelly Shannon, Florida Atlantic University

The Principles of Relief: American Missionaries and the Remaking of Indian Lives after
the Spanish Influenza Pandemic
Jonathan Chilcote, Florida College

Arab-American Efforts to Influence U.S. Policy on Palestine, 1944-1948
Denise Laszewski Jenison, Kent State University

Comment:
Cara Burnidge



Panel 73: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, a Retrospective:

Promoting Democracy in the Cold War

Paper of particular interest:
“A Human Rights Policy Means Trouble”: Ecumenical Activism, Civil Religion, and the
Forging of Ronald Reagan’s Human Rights Policy
Shannon Nix, University of Virginia



Panel 76: Beyond State Power: Non-State Actors, Aid, and Development Programs
and the U.S. in the World in the Twentieth Century

Paper of particular interest:
A “Little Cuba” in the Jungle: Priests in Ixcán, Guatemala, 1965-1976
Sarah Foss, Indiana University



Panel 80: Foreign Religions and Foreign Relations: U.S. Engagements with the
World in the Nineteenth Century

Chair:
Tisa Wenger, Yale University

Papers:
Heathen Geographies in the Nineteenth Century
Kathryn Gin Lum, Stanford University

Foreign Missions and Foreign Information in the Early Republic
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University

Reimagining Catholic Power in the Wake of the Risorgimento
Katherine Moran, St. Louis University

Comment:
Tisa Wenger



Panel 85: American Zionism and U.S.-Israel Relations from the 1950s to the
1990s

Chair:
Peter Hahn, Ohio State University

Papers:
The Origins of America’s Israel Lobby, 1951-1956
Doug Rossinow, University of Oslo

City on a Hilltop: American Jews and the Israeli Settler Movement since 1967
Sara Yael Hirschhorn, Oxford University

American Jews and Arafat: Citizen Diplomacy and the PLO Recognition of Israel
Seth Anziska, University College London

Comment:
Salim Yaqub, University of California, Santa Barbara

Panel 88: Missionaries, Technicians, and Tourists: Cold War Public and Cultural

Diplomacy in Action 

Paper of particular interest:

Mormons in the Lion City: Religious Cultural Exchanges, 1968-1990

Keshia Lai, Ohio State University

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CFP: Religion and Politics in Early America & A Recent H-Diplo Roundtable of Interest

Lauren Turek

This past month, I have come across two pieces of information that may be of interest to the readers of this blog. The first is a call for papers from the John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics, which is holding a conference next year on Religion and Politics in Early America. The details are as follows:

Call For Papers – Religion and Politics in Early America (Beginnings to 1820)
St. Louis, March 1-4, 2018

Conference Website: https://sites.wustl.edu/religionpolitics2018/

Sponsored by:
The John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics
The Kinder Institute on Constitutional Democracy
The Society of Early Americanists
St. Louis University
Washington University in St. Louis

Seeking Panel and Paper Proposals
We seek proposals for panels and individual papers for the special topics conference on Religion and Politics in Early America, March 1-4, 2018, in St. Louis, Missouri. Individual papers are welcome, but preference will be given to completed panel submissions.

This conference will explore the intersections between religion and politics in early America from pre-contact through the early republic. All topics related to the way religion shapes politics or politics shapes religion—how the two conflict, collaborate, or otherwise configure each other—will be welcomed. We define the terms “religion” and “politics” broadly, including (for example) studies of secularity and doubt. This conference will have a broad temporal, geographic, and topical expanse. We intend to create a space for interdisciplinary conversation, though this does not mean that all panels will need be composed of multiple disciplines; we welcome both mixed panels and panels composed entirely of scholars from a single discipline.

Panels can take a traditional form (3-4 papers, with or without a respondent), roundtable form (5 or more brief statements with discussion), or other forms.

Panel submissions must have the following:

1. An organizer for contact information

2. Names and titles for each paper in the panel.

3. A brief abstract (no more than 250 words) for the panel.

4. A briefer abstract (no more than 100 words) for each paper.

5. Brief CV’s for each participant (no more than two pages each).

Individual paper submissions must include the following:

1. Name and contact information

2. Title

3. Abstract (no more than 150 words)

4. A brief CV (no more than two pages)

Please send your proposals to religion.politics.2018@gmail.com by Friday, May 26, 2017.

If you have any questions, please email Abram Van Engen at religion.politics.2018@gmail.com.

The second recent item of interest is a roundtable review that H-Diplo published earlier this month. Samuel Moyn (Harvard University), Stephen Hopgood (SOAS, University of London), James Loeffler (University of Virginia), and Janice Gross Stein (University of Toronto) reviewed Michael N. Barnett's book The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews, which Princeton University Press published in 2016.


The roundtable, with author response, is very robust and provides an excellent overview of the book, which is on an understudied topic in the field of American foreign relations and religion. To access the review, follow this link: https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/174974/h-diplo-roundtable-xviii-21-star-and-stripes-history-foreign

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CFP Roundup: American Religion and Global Affairs

Lauren Turek

Presbyterian Conference, Chicago, 1871
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

I have come across several CFPs recently for conferences on topics pertaining to U.S. foreign
relations or international affairs that include specific requests for papers on religion or aspects of American religious history. I have included the full descriptions and CFPs for these opportunities that may be of interest to readers of this blog, with particularly relevant potential topic areas in bold, after the break.

The 9/11 Legacy
“History is Not Was, History Is”

Sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, and New York University

Location/Date: National September 11 Memorial & Museum, New York City, June 15-16, 2017
CFP Deadline: April 1, 2017

Description: This conference to be held at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum on the former World Trade Center site will explore the broader legacy of 9/11. We seek panel and paper proposals – both traditional and novel, empirical and conceptual – that consider the myriad ways that the events of September 11, 2001, continue to inform the past, the present and the future: both in the United States and around the world.

This was the most globally witnessed event in history and one that led to the longest war in the history of the United States. What, then, are the legacies that ripple out from the memorial fountains here in lower Manhattan across the city, the country, and the globe? As William Faulkner observed, “History is not was, history is.” How has the event of “9/11” reverberated in our understanding of the past and in more contemporary social, political, and cultural life; in the economy, in war and peace, surveillance and security, the geopolitics of the Middle East, the refugee crisis and in the debates over identity, memory and sacred space? What historical processes might we trace – either backwards or forwards – from September 11, 2001? What news headlines can we connect to 9/11 in meaningful and instructive ways: Paris, Orlando, Istanbul, the Arab Spring, Aleppo, the death of Syrian refugee child Alan Kurdi, Edward Snowden, Russia, the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the list goes on…

We welcome proposals that consider the ways in which, to quote Mark Redfield in The Rhetoric of Terror, a “new history begins here at this calendrical ground zero.”

Topics might include (but are not limited to):

• 9/11 and historiography
• 9/11 and periodization
• Memory and memorialization
• Sacred and contested spaces
• “America in the world”
• The conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia
• Acts of terror around the globe since 9/11
• The changing face of terrorism
• The changing face of warfare and nation-building
• Intelligence, surveillance and counter-terrorism
• Para-legality, states of exception and rendition
• Nationalism, identity, “self “and “other”
• Human rights, civil liberties and conceptions of “freedom”
• Shifts in cultural production and representation since 9/11
• The media, social media and the “image” of terror
• The academy, museums and cultural institutions
• The return of religion
• The refugee crisis
• Discussions of time and space; home and homeland

We especially seek interdisciplinary panel and paper proposals that draw on the intersections between these topics and themes in order to explore the ways in which they might (or might not be) traced back to, or through, 9/11. Do they have a narrative coherence shaped by the forces created that day in September? Or do they operate outside the event, as part of some other inevitable geopolitical shift that we now know only by that name-date even if that shift might have happened anyway?

We invite paper and panel proposals from scholars, practitioners, curators, graduate students and other professionals who can speak to the conference theme. Please send an abstract of no more than 300 words and CV to the conference organizers at 2017conference@911memorial.org by April 1, 2017. Panel proposals should include an additional abstract for the theme of the panel. Some financial assistance will be available to help offset the cost of attendance. Selected papers may be included in a follow-up edited volume/special edition.

Contact Info:
Dr. Andrew Hammond

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow/New York University Visiting Scholar, c/o National September 11 Memorial & Museum, 200 Liberty Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10281, ahammond@911memorial.org/ah3880@nyu.edu

Intolerance, Discrimination and Terrorism - International Interdisciplinary Conference

Organized by the University of Gdańsk (Poland), the University of São Paulo (Brazil), and In Mind Support (Poland)

Date/Location: May 11, 2017 to May 12, 2017, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza Street No. 55, Gdańsk, Poland
CFP Deadline: March 12, 2017

Description: Our world becomes more and more dangerous. Populists come to power, people all around the globe support xenophobic dictators, and the future of humankind goes in an unpredictable direction. Therefore, during our interdisciplinary conference we would like to discuss some crucial questions: What is the source of intolerance and discrimination in the contemporary world? Is terrorism a “natural” consequence of intolerance? How should we react to acts of intolerance, discrimination and terrorism?

We will describe the phenomena of intolerance, discrimination and terrorism in political, social, psychological, cultural and many other terms. We also want to devote considerable attention to how these phenomena are represented in artistic practices: in literature, film, theatre or visual arts.

We invite researchers representing various academic disciplines: history, politics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, economics, law, literary studies, theatre studies, film studies, fine arts, memory studies, migration studies, consciousness studies, dream studies, gender studies, postcolonial studies, medical sciences, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, cognitive sciences etc.

Different forms of presentations are encouraged, including case studies, theoretical investigations, problem-oriented arguments, and comparative analyses.

We will be happy to hear from both experienced scholars and young academics at the start of their careers, as well as doctoral and graduate students. We also invite all persons interested in participating in the conference as listeners, without giving a presentation.

We hope that due to its interdisciplinary nature, the conference will bring many interesting observations on and discussions about intolerance, discrimination and terrorism in the past and in the present-day world.

Our repertoire of suggested topics includes but is not restricted to:

Intolerance
Intolerance and race
Intolerance and religion
Intolerance and nationalism
Intolerance and gender
Intolerance and age
Intolerance at school
Intolerance in family
Tolerance towards intolerance
Discrimination
Discrimination against elderly people
Discrimination against children
Discrimination against women
Discrimination against men
Discrimination against people with disabilities
Discrimination against the mentally ill
Discrimination against the addicts
Discrimination against the rich
Discrimination against the poor
Discrimination against animals
Economic discrimination
Genetic discrimination
Discrimination based on sexual preferences
Nationalism
Antisemitism
Racism
Colorism (discrimination based on skin color)
Sizeism (discrimination based on a person’s size)
Reverse discrimination (affirmative action, positive discrimination)
Terrorism
Political terrorism
Ideological terrorism
Religious terrorism
State terrorism
Intimate terrorism
Terrorism and fundamentalism
Terrorism and mental health
Terrorism and freedom
Cultural aspects of terrorism
Finding solutions
Anti-discrimination law
Anti-terrorist law
Human rights organizations
Humanitarian missions
Democratic education
Pro-tolerance campaigns
Literature, film and the arts
Literature and art about intolerance, discrimination and terrorism
Artists engaged in fighting intolerance, discrimination and terrorism
Artists-terrorists
Artists as victims of discrimination
Literature and art engaged in ideologies
Terrorism in the media

Please submit abstracts (no longer than 300 words) of your proposed 20-minute presentations, together with a short biographical note, by 12 March 2017 to:  intolerance2017@gmail.com

Contact Info:
Prof. Wojciech Owczarski

Contact Email:
wowczarski1@tlen.pl
URL:
http://intoleranceterrorism.ug.edu.pl/

Panel Call for Papers for American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting: Global Catholic Media: Between the Intimate and Imperial

Panel co-organizers: Dr. Marc Roscoe Loustau (Catholics & Cultures Fellow and Visiting Lecturer, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA) and Dr. Eric Hoenes del Pinal (Assistant Professor, Dept. of Religious Studies, University of North Carolina at Charlotte)

Date/Location: November 18-21, 2017, Boston, MA

Overview: Over the past decade, research on Pentecostal/Charismatic Christian communities have made major contributions to the study of media, religion, and subjectivity. Emphasizing concepts such as “aesthetic formations,” “sensational forms,” “habitus,” and “orientation,” this literature has illuminated how mass mediate communication technologies including film, television, and radio contribute to the processes of self-transformation that allow Protestant Christian imaginaries to extend across subjects’ spheres of activity and lifetimes. Significantly less attention, however, has been paid to the equally vibrant field of Catholic media. What might attention to how specific communities of Catholics engaging in the production and consumption of self-consciously Catholic media spheres reveal?

This panel proposes that thick ethnographic descriptions of collective engagements with global Catholic media will illuminate how the Church negotiates its conflicting tendencies towards the imperial and the intimate. The Catholic Church’s aspiration to unity and universality imply that its institutional reach aspires to be imperial, ideally covering all humanity. Yet likewise its claim to apostolic succession implies that this imperial aspiration is of necessity carried out through intimate encounters between subjects. How then are the imperial and the intimate reconciled? How is the shift in scales between the institutional and the intersubjective achieved and experienced? And how might a focus on mediation help us better understand how these two dimensions come together in the lives of practicing Catholics?

We invite papers that look to experience-near, ethnographically- and/or biographically-rich accounts of lives and intimate relationships as potential starting points for examining the relevance of religious media to human experience, and which consider the following questions: How do individuals plumb the possibilities offered by Catholic media to find a workable balance between ambivalent attractions to domestic ties (the intimate) and global aspirations (the imperial)? What insights about Catholicism as an institution might we gain by examining how media circulates among communities of Catholics? What can theories of media consumption help us understand about Catholic subjectivities? How might the production and consumption of Catholic media help subjects shape the scope their aspirations? How do Catholic media intensify subjects’ awareness of moral or experiential paradoxes inherent in the practice of Catholicism? How do the producers of Catholic media, which is linguistically, if not also culturally, specific, reconcile that specificity with the concept of a “global Catholic Church”? Finally, how does the shared project of creating a mass mediated Catholic imaginary, also work to help individuals and communities negotiate other, perhaps less visible, aspirations and fears in the intimate relationships between human and divine beings?

Please send abstracts (250 words max.) of proposed papers to Marc Roscoe Loustau (mloustau706@gmail.com) and Eric Heones at (ehoenes@uncc.edu) ASAP. If you have questions, please email the organizers in advance. Circulate the CFP widely at your discretion.

2017 Power and Struggle Conference (Graduate Student Conference)

Sponsors: The Department of History at The University of Alabama 

Date/Location: September 22-23, 2017, University of Alabama

CFP Deadline: April 25, 2017

Overview: The Department of History at The University of Alabama is pleased to announce its Ninth Annual Graduate Student Conference on Power and Struggle, to be held at the UA campus on September 22-23, 2017. The conference will feature a keynote banquet at the Alabama Museum of Natural History by Professor Kate Brown, a Professor of History at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.  Professor Brown has published widely on the subjects of environmental history and European and American history. She is the author of several acclaimed books, including A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland (2004) and Plutopia: Nuclear Families in Atomic Cities and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters (2013). Her latest book is Dispatches from Dystopia: Histories of Places Not Yet Forgotten (2015). We are honored to have Dr. Brown as our keynote speaker.

Our conference encourages graduate students to submit proposals that engage the conference theme by examining power relations in all historical fields and time periods. The theme addresses new approaches of historical analysis that focus on the relationship between struggle and power, especially people who struggled to break, transform, or reclaim the boundaries constructed by those in power. The Conference seeks proposals employing innovative approaches, interdisciplinary methods, comparative perspectives, and multi-archival research bases. At the conclusion of the Conference, one presenter will earn recognition as the recipient of the Best Paper Prize. The University of Alabama’s graduate history journal, the Southern Historian, is also sponsoring an award for the Best Paper in Southern History. 

The GHA Conference seeks submissions concerning, but not limited to, the following topics:

Power in institutions, society, and religion

Struggle in cultural expression, social relationships, and belief systems

Power in discourse on gender, race, and class

Struggle against labels in nationalism, ethnicity, sub-culture, or sexual identity

Power in traditional structures such as politics, diplomacy, imperialism, and war

Struggle in resistance such as crime, protest, liberation, and revolution 

Single papers should include a 300-word abstract and a one-page CV of the presenter. Full-panel proposals will be accepted.  All submissions should be sent in Word format via email to the committee using ghaconference@gmail.com. 

The deadline for proposal submission is April 25, 2017. Final papers should be submitted to commentators by September 1, 2017.  For more information please email the committee at ghaconference@gmail.com.

Contact Info: 

University of Alabama 2017 Power and Struggle Conference Committe Chair, Sarah Craddock 

sacraddock@crimson.ua.edu

or

ghaconference@gmail.com

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